Traditionalism, is a new school of thought that belonges to 20th century. In the other word, traditionalism is one 0 f the main outcomes of co nflict between tradition and modernity in En lightenment. So it a dvocates from traditions and every thing that belongs to the past. One of the most important issues of this school is “PERENNIAL WISDOM”. According to this doctrine, all deep-rooted traditions are legitimate andt hey could posses some parts of reality; i.e. the traditionalism, that itself emerges from enlightenment, will end up with religious pluralism and aut hority of any deep-rooted tradition and custom. This paper will review the pluralistic foundations of this school and claims that the most fundamental belief of traditionaIism, which leads to accept religious pluralism, i.e. the validity and sa nctity of a II historical traditions, is flawed and dismissed.

PERENNIAL philosophy (philosophia perennis) is somehow the heart of tradition, to the extent that traditionalists consider it to be the most central component of traditionalism. This article wants to review its content and critic it in the light of Mulla Sadra's philosophy. To do so, the authors study its history, and its metaphysical, anthropological, and ethical dimensions, as well as its criteria and the method for attaining such philosophy in the works of some prominent traditionalists.For the purpose of critique, they assess the methodology and foundations of traditionalism, and juxtapose them with Suhravardi's "True WISDOM", and try to show their essential differences.

A disputable concept and a controversial issue in Iranian culture is the notion of WISDOM which covers an array of meanings, wide in range, and sometimes contrary to each other. Therefore, different schools of thought have presented different definitions.This essay investigates the style of two intellectual groups (mystics and philosophers) about WISDOM. By analyzing the verses of two outstanding representatives (Naser Khosrow and Sana-ee), we found out that Naser Khosrow's poems, in terms of concept, image and structure are without any preliminaries, based on WISDOM and logic. In spite of him, Sana-ee has brought some couplets in Hadighat ol Haghighah on expressing and defending WISDOM, yet, because his mental structure does not match with his intellectual logic, the result of his work is contrary to WISDOM.In this regard, it can be stated that the usage of the appellation of 'Hakim' for Sana-ee, is not accepted just by tolerance, whereas, Naser Khosrow truly deserves the title of 'Hakim'. The reason is that Naser Khosrow’s WISDOM includes both material and spiritual aspects, whereas Sana-ee's WISDOM is completely spiritual and lacks the material facet.

By knowledge, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, has meant the ordinary experimental knowledge in West which has been conducted through western thought. In his view, it is better for experimental knowledge to be produced by the means of traditionalist approach. To criticize western thought in general and modernism in specific, it is helpful to acquire the foundations of PERENNIAL WISDOM and replace it with modernity. New science has been the origins of various crises such as environmental ones. Traditional knowledge was based on metaphysical origins and has been deeply differed from philosophical presumptions of new science. New science in west not only made a decline in the religious and philosophical understanding of nature, but also caused traditional knowledge to be vanished. Metaphysics and PERENNIAL WISDOM presumed an ideal position for new science. Divine knowledge is a light of divine eternal command which keeps its relation with spiritual world, not the soul itself. PERENNIAL WISDOM is a crucial basis for divine knowledge. Revelation considered being the main source of divine knowledge. Through this article, it is believed that the final objective of traditional knowledge has to be taken as the transcendental perspective of tradition, that is, "reflection of the eternal beloved appearance".

The type of plant-plant interaction has prominent influences on the structure and composition of the natural plant communities. Facilitation between shrubs and their understory plants leads to the positive spatial associations, and hereby enhances the survival rates of the understory plants. We studied the type and extent of spatial association between four rangeland shrubs (Astragalus mesedensis, Artemisia khorasanica, Acantholimon prostegium, and Acantholimon erinaceum) and two PERENNIAL forage grasses (Bromus kopetdaghensis, and Festuca alaica) in their natural habitats, Baharkish, Quchan, Iran. Results indicated positive association (facilitation effect) between shrubs and PERENNIAL grasses, with no negative association (competition effect) being found for any species pairs. Among the nurse species, A. mesedensis showed greater and Acantholimon species indicated smaller positive association, while A. khorasanica did not show any association with the grasses. Between the beneficiary species, greater association with the nurse shrubs was found for F. alaica than B. kopetdaghensis. Accordingly in this study, A. mesedensis and F. alaica are the best nurse and beneficiary species, respectively. Our findings indicate the important role of nurse shrubs in preserving forage range plants. These results can also be used in the rangeland restoration projects, especially for seeding forage plants under the canopy of nurse shrubs.

In order to determine the reaction of 8 accessions of PERENNIAL Trigonella to drought stress, experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design as factorial with 3 replications. The first factor included 4 levels of drought stress and the second factor included 8 accessions of PERENNIAL Trigonella. Root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight and the ratio of height and weight of root and shoot were studied. The related diagrams were drawn and dendrogram resulted from cluster analysis with principal component. Accessions showed significant differences for root and shoot length and root dry weight at of 1% and for shoot dry weight, the ratiom of root to shoot, the ratio of root dry weight to shoot and converse at 5% but they didn't show any significant difference for ratio of shoot length to root. Effects of drought treatments on shoot length, root and shoot dry weight were significant at 1% and on ratio of root to shoot and converse and shoot dry weight to root was significant at 5%.The interaction of drought treatments and accessions on shoot dry weight, root dry weight and ratio of shoot dry weight to root were significant at 5%. Also, root length and the ratio of root length to shoot was the most in 7271 (T. elliptica, Kohkilooyeh and Boyrahmad) and root dry weight was the most in 5310 (T. elliptica, shoorjestan-Fars). The least root length belonged to 103 (T. tehranica, Velayat rood), 120 (T. tehranica, unknown place) and 460 (T.elliptica, Zanjon). Also, the least of the root length to shoot ratio were observed in to 460, 120, 103 and 162 (T. elliptica, Hosseinabad- Fars). In general, the highest tolerances were obtained in 7271 and 5310 and these accessions showed the most resistance.

To investigate the germination of PERENNIAL herbaceous Astragalus, six species in different accessions were selected to be studied in a randomized complete block design in which three treatments including control, scarification and chilling were applied for one week with three replications. The study was carried out in the laboratory of Gene Bank at RIFR. Germination percentage, germination rate, plumule and radicle lengths, vigor index and ratio of radicle to plumule length were measured. All data were analyzed and the studied species showed significant differences in terms of the mentioned germination parameters except radicle length and ratio of radicle to plumule while differences among treatments were significant for all traits except radicle length. Interaction effects of species*treatment were also significant except radicle length and vigor index. Maximum and minimum values of germination traits were recorded for A. vegetus and A. lilacinus, respectively and other species were classified as average. The values of germination traits in chilling treatment were less than that in control treatment and it can be concluded that the cultivation of these species in autumn and winter may cause unsuccessful establishment. According to the results, A. vegetus was identified as a suitable species for range improvement in terms of most germination traits.